European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Assessment of the incidents of histamine intoxication in some EU countries. Technical report. Wantke F., Götz M., Jarisch R. Histamine-free diet: Treatment of choice for histamine-induced food intolerance and supporting treatment for chronical headaches. Visciano P., Schirone M., Tofalo R., Suzzi G. Histamine poisoning and control measures in fish and fishery products. Lyophilised legume sprouts as a functional ingredient for diamine oxidase enzyme supplementation in histamine intolerance. Mol. Amines such as putrescine and cadaverine, which are usually found in foods along with histamine, can also act as DAO substrates. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, histamine, food intolerance, histamine intolerance, histaminosis, histamine intoxication, diamine oxidase (DAO), low-histamine diet, food supplement. Two main histamine metabolic pathways are known in humans, involving the enzymes diamine oxidase (DAO) and histamine-N-methyltransferase (HNMT) (Figure 2) [10,11,13]. Even so, there are different clinical studies that show the efficacy of this dietary intervention in improving the quality of life of patients with symptoms of histamine intolerance. Latorre-Moratalla M.L., Bover-Cid S., Talon R., Aymerich T., Garriga M., Zanardi E., Ianieri A., Fraqueza M.J., Elias M., Drosinos E.H., et al. Worm M., Fiedler E.M., Dölle S., Schink T., Hemmer W., Jarisch R., Zuberbier T. Exogenous histamine aggravates eczema in a subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis. During the last decade, histamine intolerance has gained social and scientific recognition, with a significant increase in the interest of researchers to investigate this disorder. Jarisch R., Wantke F., Raithel M., Hemmer W. Histamine Intolerance: Histamine and Seasickness. Vlieg-Boerstra B.J., van der Heide S., Oude Elberink J.N.G., Kluin-Nelemans J.C., Dubois A.E.J. The potentiation effect of these components could help explain the differences in absorption of the same dose of histamine when ingested in isolation or in a food matrix [48,49]. Mastocytosis and adverse reactions to biogenic amines and histamine-releasing foods: What is the evidence? Although this test has interesting diagnostic potential, more studies are needed to validate its clinical significance and its relationship with the symptoms of histamine intolerance [97]. Pediatrii K., Alergologii Dziecięcej N., Kacik J. Objawy pseudoalergii a zaburzenia metabolizmu histaminy Symptoms of pseudoallergy and histamine metabolism disorders. Accessibility Specifically, the most relevant SNPs affecting DAO enzyme functionality in Caucasian individuals are rs10156191, rs1049742, rs2268999 and especially rs1049793 [69,71]. Histamine Intolerance: The Current State of the Art - PubMed Foods that potentially contain high levels of histamine are: a) those microbiologically altered, such as fish and meat, or derived products that may have been preserved or processed in unsuitably hygienic conditions; and b) fermented products, in which the bacteria responsible for the fermentation process may also have aminogenic capacity [3,40]. Main symptoms of histamine intolerance and possibly corresponding histamine receptors [10,64]. Elmore B.O., Bollinger J.A., Dooley D.M. However, there is no a single dietary recommendation of a low-histamine diet. Moreover, certain inflammatory bowel diseases that limit enzyme secretion or some DAO-inhibiting drugs have also been identified as possible causes of DAO deficiency. In the intestine, DAO activity increases progressively from the duodenum to the ileum and is located mainly in the intestinal villi [22]. The FAO and WHO have acknowledged that the involvement of potentiators can alter the threshold dose for toxicity, and they recommend that future studies focus on clarifying the ambiguities in the pathogenesis of histamine intoxication [30]. On the other hand, an SNP in the promoter region of the gene has also been identified that causes a lower transcriptional activity of the DAO-encoding gene (rs2052129), as well as several genetic variations responsible for enzyme deficiency in people of Asian or African origin (rs45558339 and rs35070995, respectively) [67,72]. Similarly, in a retrospective study, Manzotti et al. Finally, regarding gastrointestinal symptoms, Honzawa et al. Other foods such as spinach, eggplant and tomatoes should also be avoided for the same reason. Yang R., Chen H., Gu Z. Raithel M., Küfner M., Ulrich P., Hahn E.G. In Wasser löst es sich unter großer Wärmeentwicklung durch die negative Lösungsenthalpie von −44,5 kJ/mol zur stark alkalisch reagierenden Natronlauge auf (pH 14 bei c = 1 mol/l). HIT > Introduction - Histamin-Intoleranz Overall, the reported prevalence of DAO deficiency ranges from 19 to 57%, with the exception of the study by Worm et al., who did not detect statistically significant differences in plasma DAO activity between control patients and those with atopic dermatitis [86,87,88,89]. quanto guadagna un autista di autobus in germania; englische wörter mit ment am ende Association of Polymorphic Variants of Key Histamine Metabolism Genes and Histamine Receptor Genes with Multifactorial Diseases. In terms of incidence, the data available for the European Union shows an increase in histamine intoxication outbreaks in the last ten years, unlike other types of food poisoning, and with an almost hegemonic predominance of fish as the causative agent (over 90% of cases) [42,50]. The EAACI/GA. Sodium hydroxide - Wikipedia Lessof M.H., Gant V., Hinuma K., Murphy G.M., Dowling R.H. Recurrent urticaria and reduced diamine oxidase activity. In most cases, the structural similarity of the cited drugs with histamine could explain their potential to bind to the active site of DAO and reduce its enzymatic activity [23]. Association of Diamine oxidase (DAO) variants with the risk for migraine from North Indian population. In addition, histamine functions as a neurotransmitter, being synthesized by neurons located in the posterior region of the hypothalamus whose axons extend through the brain [12]. The physiological action of β-iminazolylethylamine. Klocker J., Perkmann R., Klein-Weigel P., Mörsdorf G., Drasche A., Klingler A., Fraedrich G., Schwelberger H.G. Lehane L., Olley J. Histamine fish poisoning revisited. SNPs: single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Worm J., Falkenberg K., Olesen J. Histamine and migraine revisited: Mechanisms and possible drug targets. Gludovacz E., Maresch D., De Carvalho L.L., Puxbaum V., Baier L.J., Sützl L., Guédez G., Grünwald-Gruber C., Ulm B., Pils S., et al. Therefore, although HNMT is also present in the gastrointestinal tract, the more highly expressed DAO plays the major role in protecting the body against exogenous histamine, whether originating from ingested food or generated by the intestinal microbiota [24,25,26]. Effect of diet in chronic spontaneous urticaria: A systematic review. In contrast, in a more recent study by a group of Austrian researchers, DAO deficiency was found in only 8% of 394 children with chronic abdominal pain [92]. It is important to note that this test will only reflect the existence of a genetic DAO deficiency. In addition, obtaining DAO enzyme from legumes would be a practice in accordance with the current call for action of the Sustainable Development Goals. All three studies reported an important improvement in the intensity or frequency of symptoms, although they involved a small study population (14, 28 and 39 patients) and/or a reduced intervention time (from two to four weeks). In mammals, the expression of DAO is restricted to certain tissues, mainly the small intestine, ascending colon, placenta and kidneys [14,21]. In a pediatric population under 15 years of age, Rosell-Camps et al. [63]. Amon U., Bangha E., Küster T., Menne A., Vollrath I.B., Gibbs B.F. Enteral histaminosis: Clinical implications. Natronlauge - Wikipedia Although there is some variability, the available research points to the effectiveness of DAO supplements in reducing the appearance and intensity of symptoms. Doeun D., Davaatseren M., Chung M.S. Sánchez-Pérez S., Comas-Basté O., Rabell-González J., Veciana-Nogués M., Latorre-Moratalla M., Vidal-Carou M. Biogenic Amines in Plant-Origin Foods: Are They Frequently Underestimated in Low-Histamine Diets? Thus, histamine intolerance is the clinical condition that describes the inability of certain individuals to degrade histamine and results in the onset of symptoms caused by its accumulation in the blood (Figure 3). Histamine intolerance is currently a clinical entity of increasing interest, which can appear due to the intake of histamine from foods, mainly caused by a deficiency of the DAO enzyme at the intestinal level. Tyramine and histamine risk assessment related to consumption of dry fermented sausages by the Spanish population. histamine receptors. Ayuso P., García-Martín E., Martínez C., Agúndez J.A.G. Similar to the current treatment for lactose intolerance, the possibility of oral supplementation with exogenous DAO has been proposed by several authors to facilitate dietary histamine degradation [13,127]. Apart from histamine, food can also contain other biogenic amines, mainly tyramine (4-hydroxy-phenethylamine), putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane) and cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane), which are formed through enzymatic deamination of the amino acids tyrosine, ornithine (and/or agmatine) and lysine, respectively [31,34]. A meta-analysis carried out in 2018 of the different scientific reports of histamine intoxication between 1959 and 2013 established that the causative food in 98% of cases was fish, the remaining percentage being attributed to cheese [46]. were focused on a single disorder related to histamine intolerance (chronic spontaneous urticaria and migraine, respectively) [110,144]. From Scombroid Poisoning to Histamine Intolerance. Although most studies have involved only a small group of patients (a mean of 38 per study, with a minimum of 10 and maximum of 157), they report an efficacy rate for the diet ranging from 33% to 100%. Natriumhydroxid - Wikipedia Joint FAO/WHO Literature Review. However, the authors did not find statistical differences when considering other research outputs, such as the frequency and intensity of pain. Carboxymethyl starch/alginate microspheres containing diamine oxidase for intestinal targeting. The same trend is observed in the information provided by the European Union Food and Feed Warning System (RASFF), with a progressive rise in the number of cases of histamine poisoning linked to tuna consumption in 2014–2017 and a particularly high increase in 2017 [3]. Moreover, patients with lactose intolerance and plasma DAO deficit showed higher end-expiratory H2 levels and the appearance of more symptoms during the H2 breath test in comparison with lactose-intolerant individuals with normal DAO activity [79].
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