boko haram konfliktanalyse

The NPF remain susceptible to corruption, commit human rights abuses, and generally operate with impunity in the apprehension, illegal detention, and sometimes execution of criminal suspects. The deputy prime minister's wife was subsequently released in October, along with 26 others including the ten Chinese construction workers who had been captured in May; authorities made no comment about any ransom, which the Cameroon government had previously claimed it never pays. [45] Five Nigerian officials, mediators, as well as phone calls intercepted by a West African spy agency backed the report of Shekau's death.[45]. Its followers generally adhere to a more fundamentalist strain of Islam that rejects the secular state. [361] On 17 February 2015, the Nigerian military retook Monguno in a coordinated air and ground assault. Over the past year the army has been withdrawing troops from smaller bases and concentrating them in large formations known as Super Camps. As I am speaking to you, all the terrorists' camps have completely been wiped out. [184] On 27–28 December, five villages were simultaneously attacked, and for the first time the Cameroon military launched air attacks when Boko Haram briefly occupied an army camp. [102], Boko Haram's attacks consist of suicide bombings as well as conventional armed assaults on both civilian and military targets. with Heidi Campbell and Paul Brandeis Raushenbush. [234][235] None of the captives were those taken in Chibok in April 2014. Boko Haram gained widespread exposure in July 2009 when, after an incident in which group members were allegedly subjected to the excessive use of force by police and then were unable to get official investigation into the matter, the group launched attacks on police posts and other government installations, killing scores of police officers. [213], In March, Boko Haram lost control of the Northern Nigerian towns of Bama[214] and Gwoza[215] to the Nigerian army. But Mr Adamu says it appears the strategy is not being fully implemented. The group is motivated and driven by anti-Western civilization (education) and ideology with the ultimate goal of establishing a . According to Information Minister Issa Tchiroma: Units of the group attacked Makari, Amchide, Limani and Achigachia in a change of strategy which consists of distracting Cameroonian troops on different fronts, making them more vulnerable in the face of the mobility and unpredictability of their attacks. On 16 March, two female suicide bombers killed 22 people in Maiduguri. While this study provides insight into the evolving tactics and targets of the group, which is now split into at least two factions, it does not show the wider harms caused by the conflict, such as disrupted communities and stunted economic development. [54] Northern Nigerians have commonly dismissed Western education as ilimin boko ("fake education") and secular schools as makaranta boko. [366], France and the United Kingdom, in coordination with the United States, have sent trainers and material assistance to Nigeria to assist in the fight against Boko Haram. Boko Haram is so shadowy that estimates of its size have ranged from as few as 1,500 fighters to what one high-level defector said was about 40,000 people, including fighters and their entourage . Last updated August 8, 2018 8:00 am (EST), By entering your email and clicking subscribe, you're agreeing to receive announcements from CFR about our products and services, as well as invitations to CFR events. June 23, 2023, Religion and Foreign Policy Webinar: Religion and Technology, Virtual Event The group’s initial proclaimed intent was to uproot the corruption and injustice in Nigeria, which it blamed on Western influences, and to impose Sharīʿah, or Islamic law. Reports of civilian casualties ranged from eight to eleven. The group declared allegiance to the Islamic State in 2015, rebranding itself as the Islamic State’s West Africa Province. [377][378][379][380], On 1 December 2014, the U.S. embassy in Abuja announced that the U.S. had discontinued training a Nigerian battalion at the request of the Nigerian government. the West African province of the Islamic State. This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. [266] Information Minister Issa Tchiroma Bakari said that "[t]he people that were freed are just villagers. [57] Wealth in Nigeria has been concentrated among members of a small political elite, mainly in the Christian south of the country. [209] On 2 March, the Nigerian military defeated Boko Haram in the Battle of Konduga. The movement’s followers, called Yusuffiya, consist of northern Islamic students and clerics, as well as professionals, many of whom struggle to find work. On 1 January, Boko Haram killed at least 15 people on a bus in the Far North Region of Cameroon. On 2 February 2015, the Nigerian Army said it had recaptured Gamboru from Boko Haram, along with the nearby towns of Mafa, Mallam Fatori, Abadam, and Marte following a joint weekend offensive by Nigerian, Chadian and Cameroonian forces. The government’s heavy-handed police and counterterrorism tactics are also fuel for the group’s flame, analysts say. "That's why, unfortunately, almost 11 or 12 years into the counter-insurgency operation, we are not seeing major successes," he told the BBC. [161], On 14–15 April, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 schoolgirls from Chibok, Borno. [236], On 25 December, gunmen set fire to the village of Kimba, killing at least 14, according to vigilantes. On 16 and 17 April, a massacre of dozens of civilians as well as the destruction of hundreds of homes and businesses occurred in Baga, Borno, during a battle between Boko Haram and the Nigerian Army. [340] But by 2014, it was short of basic equipment, including radios and armoured vehicles. Under their harsh rule, they have cracked down on women’s rights and neglected basic services. UN Sec-Gen urges Nige­ria to in­ves­ti­gate mass abor­tion re­port. In November 2013, Boko Haram members kidnapped a French priest in Cameroon. Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine shocked the market for fertilizer, that task has gotten even harder. January 31, 2022, How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer, Interactive What are its objectives? Patrick Rose, a UNICEF regional coordinator, stated: "They are held in military barracks, separated from their parents, without medical follow-up, without psychological support, without education, under conditions and for durations that are unknown". Also known as: ISWA, ISWAP, Islamic State in West Africa, Islamic State’s West African Province, Jamāʿat Ahl al-Sunna lil-Daʿawah wa al-Jihād. April 20, 2023 Opportunities for criminal enterprise flourished. [380], On 24 September 2015, the White House announced a military aid package for African allies fighting Boko Haram. Boko Haram’s use of suicide bombers perhaps copies a tactic used by Islamist jihadis in the Middle East and elsewhere. They likely understate the scale of the conflict because journalists and human rights organizations face challenges monitoring the large number of inaccessible areas where violence takes place. But a recent spike in deadly violence, focused in the north-east, where the Islamist group began its insurgency in 2009, has led many to ask what is at the root of the authorities' failure. Boko Haram militant deaths, totaling 18,950, account for roughly 50 percent of all deaths in the conflict. In a discussion organized by the Woodrow Wilson Center, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, a former president of Nigeria, highlighted the low level of literacy and education in the Northern parts of the country, as contributing to the perpetuation of Boko Haram. Authorities generally did not hold police accountable for the use of excessive or deadly force or for the deaths of persons in custody. Sambisa Forest, Borno, Nigeria (March 2015 – May 2021)[1][2]. It reflected what was then the main . It is unclear why, but it is possible that power struggles between different Boko Haram factions are playing a role. [253], On 12 January, Boko Haram attacked a Cameroon military base in Kolofata, a commune in the Far North region. Since 2015, Cameroon, Chad, and Niger have deployed thousands of troops as part of a multinational force authorized by the African Union. [326][45] Internal intelligence memos backing this claim were afterwards shown to the Wall Street Journal. The Minister of Justice Djimet Arabi stated that the men died as a result of poisoning. According to Obasanjo, illiterate and uneducated children and youths are more likely to be drawn into the ranks of the terrorist organization. Data has been filtered to include only incidents involving Boko Haram. About half of those killed were suspected Boko Haram militants, while roughly 45 percent were civilians and 5 percent were security forces. [11][22][113][117][118][119], Within hours of Goodluck Jonathan's presidential inauguration on 29 May 2011, Boko Haram carried out a series of bombings in Bauchi, Zaria and Abuja. Nigeria’s record of political corruption and inequality have also contributed to the group’s rise, analysts say. At least 15 people, including soldiers and police, were killed in the raid. At this time, Christian missionaries spread the Christian message in the region and converted a large segment of the Nigerian populace. [244] On 20 October, there were reports of a military ambush in Madagali, assisted by vigilantes, in which over 30 militants were killed. Later the group vowed to avenge the deaths of Yusuf and other group members, who were killed by security forces in 2009. For its part, the Nigerian government holds thousands of alleged Boko Haram fighters, including women, children, and elderly people. [241], On 7 October in Damaturu, Yobe at least 15 people were killed by 3 suicide bombers. They had mistaken it for a Boko Haram camp; the bombing killed dozens of civilians. [370] The Bureau of Counterterrorism leaned towards designation while the Bureau of African Affairs urged caution. by Zongyuan Zoe Liu In 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan launched a major offensive against Boko Haram, declaring a state of emergency in Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe States. [284], On 30 January, at least 86 people were killed and at least 62 more injured in an attack by Boko Haram militants on Dalori Village which is located in Borno State, 4 kilometers from Maiduguri. More than 50 escaped. An army spokesman claimed the militants suffered heavy casualties. Research by his firm, Beacon Consulting, found that there were about 6.5 million small arms and light weapons in circulation in Nigeria but just 586,000 are in the hands of security forces. May 15, 2023 Inzwischen ist Rann Zufluchtsort für zehntausende Vertriebene. On 2 November, witnesses claimed the JTF shot and killed up to 40 people during raids in Maiduguri. The NPF [Nigeria Police Force], SSS, and military report to civilian authorities; however, these security services periodically act outside of civilian control. [156], On 8 February, at least nine polio vaccinators were killed in shootings at two clinics in Kano.[157]. By the end of 2011, these conflicting strategies led observers to question the group's cohesion; comparisons were drawn with the diverse motivations of the militant factions of the oil-rich Niger Delta. The group went on to intensify their insurgency, launching many attacks in Nigeria, mostly in the north of the country. “Yusuf’s vision was extreme in the northern Nigeria context, but not so extreme that it was unrecognizable,” writes Alexander Thurston in his 2017 book on the group. While moderate successes were recorded between 2015 and 2016, with the government maintaining that the insurgent sect has been technically defeated, empirical evidence suggests otherwise. As a consequence, Boko Haram's changing strategies fundamentally changed the dynamics of the conflict. On 29 October, two female suicide bombers killed seven people in the same city. Several times, Nigeria’s military claimed to have killed Shekau, but videos of the leader have emerged as recently as 2018. Following the abductions in Chibok, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States pledged additional assistance, including equipment and intelligence support. On 9 December, two female Boko Haram suicide bombers killed at least 57 people in Madagali, Adamawa. It has resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 children,[28] displaced 2.3 million from their homes. [check quotation syntax], On 25 January, over 30 people were killed by four Boko Haram suicide bombers in Bodo, Far North Region, Cameroon. Boko Haram opposes the Westernization of Nigerian society,[57] which it blames for "Nigeria's culture of corruption",[22] and demands the establishment of an Islamic state in Nigeria. On 1 July, a van bombing in Maiduguri killed at least 56 people. In October, the government announced the girls' imminent release, but the information proved unreliable. 2015. Since gaining independence in 1960, Nigeria has suffered waves of political instability, including at least half a dozen coups, decades of military rule, and a civil war (1967–1970) that claimed up to two million lives, many perishing from a blockade-induced famine. 6 Abs. [247] On 17 November, an explosion at a food market in Yola killed 32,[248] in the first Nigerian bombing since 23 October attacks in Maiduguri and Yola. 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